Implications for HR Practices in Other Companies LIKE Zappos.com Research Paper

Suggestions for HR Practices in Other Companies LIKE Zappos.com - Research Paper Example HR Lessons from Zappos.com A comparative organization in internet retailing is Modcloth.com. It has been in activity for just two years, so it has a long way to go as far as having an obvious hierarchical culture. Zappos.com set aside the effort to characterize what its organization culture is, and afterward ensured that all people who worked for it fit into the way of life. Everything else that they did was a branch of this boundary (Palmeri, 2009). Hence, Modlcoth.com can gain from this organization by doing likewise. They should choose the qualities and standards that will assist them with accomplishing their objectives. When this is done, at that point the association can concentrate on other key components. Modcloth.com may likewise copy the degree to which hierarchical culture is a moral obligation regarding all staff at Zappos. Modcloth regards hierarchical culture as a human-asset issue yet Zappos adopts an entirely unexpected strategy. Zappos likes to consider everybody resp onsible for the support of their way of life. People regularly progress in the direction of this segment in each part of their employments. This culture is caught in ten explanations that incorporate â€Å"Being audacious and inventive, â€Å"being humble† and â€Å"pursuing development. The proactive nature wherein Zappos diffuses its qualities may likewise be utilized by administrators in Modcloth.com. They ought not simply anticipate that their workers should find their qualities autonomously. Preparing for new specialists ought to include finding out about the company’s style. Modcloth.com can profit by showing representatives expressly about these issues before they permit laborers to cooperate with customers. Sephora.com is a profoundly fruitful beauty care products online retailer. Its HR rehearses, notwithstanding, don't reflect this new-age approach. Their employing procedure is something that needs improvement. It ordinarily does a specialized enrollment pr ocess with a little spotlight on hierarchical culture. Zappos.com centers around a person’s fit with the organization culture during enlistment. They accept that having specialized aptitudes won't yield considerable outcomes if these can't convert into their qualities. Thusly, they don't settle on it. Recruiting forms typically keep going for a generally prolonged stretch of time. The firm expects work possibility to go to at any rate one departmental and friends occasion as meetings proceed. This prompts the energy about authoritative qualities. Here and there some enrollment procedures may keep going for as long as four months (Inghilleri and Solomon, 2010). In Zappos’ enrollment, questioners regularly pose six inquiries that are probably going to decide the person’s conduct. For the most part, these inquiries are intended to evaluate the degree to which a candidate’s conduct fits in with the organization culture. Be that as it may, a few pieces of the meeting will likewise take a gander at the applicant’s abilities. Sephora can gain so much from these recruiting rehearses. To start with, they should enlist for their guiding principle. Besides, they should have a structure to follow while enlisting. Sephora.com typically leaves parts of the recruiting procedure in the possession of experts, and what they choose is the last word on the issue. This implies straightforwardness is a test. Zappos.com has an exceptionally straightforward recruiting process. When a meeting has been finished, the questioner is relied upon to decide on whether the competitor ought to be employed or not. These people regularly enter their criticism into a PC. They are likewise expected to give clarifications for why

Marketing Grocery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Advertising Grocery - Essay Example Large scale ecological Factors Large scale ecological components are the natural factors that influence the advertising methodologies of the association in spite of the fact that it has restricted odds of controlling them. They incorporate political-legitimate, socio-social, global and mechanical variables. The association can characterize these variables regarding checking for better comprehension all things considered and dangers it might confront along with the necessary key gadgets to modify so as association can accomplish and keep up upper hand (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006). Full scale ecological components start from outside of the association and they can't be changed by the organization’s activities. Explicitly an association can get incredible difficulties when there changes in this factor of condition however the association itself can't influence the earth. Enactment The legitimate condition powers associations to become complex while influencing business tasks straightforwardly. It is hard for organizations to work their exercises without meeting commitments identifying with guidelines of the law. A portion of the guidelines that may influence bussines associations incorporate industrialism guidelines, serious and relations of workers. The majority of guidelines are related with administrative offices. The US has the ground-breaking administrative organizations that incorporate Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and numerous others. Consistence cost of the guidelines is extravagant albeit the vast majority of them are passed on buyers toward the end. This implies the greater part of the item prizes might be high to meet the prerequisites of the considerable number of guidelines. Consequently, the associations ware promoting cost relies intensely upon the legitimate prerequisites (Schmidt, 2005). Socio-social Factors Socio-social components of condition includes customs, qualities and ways of life that give the attributes whereupon the association works. Socio-social elements of condition influences the capacity of an association to get assets, think of its own administrations and work inside a general public. Social-social elements involves all perspectives inside the general public that can impact the exhibition of an association. They can incorporate extending instructive levels, populace socioeconomics, qualities and standards along with the disposition towards social duty (Schmidt, 2005). Mechanical Factors Technology is a factor that influences the advancement of key plans of an association. Variety in innovation may lead extraordinarily impact the interest of the associations products and ventures. It might likewise influence its handling procedures and the necessary crude materials for assembling products. The changing of innovation can impact an association in two different ways. To begin with, it might give new chances to the association to investigate and show signs of improvement returns. Then again, it might make dangers the endurance status of the association, the item or industry. Innovative enhancements keep on expanding at an exceptionally high rate, which necessitates that all organizations be a steady transformation to endure. Equalization of Payment Balance of installment is the net distinction in merchandise that purchased and sold by representatives of a nation. It

DNA Retention for Criminal Investigation Assignment

DNA Retention for Criminal Investigation - Assignment Example The current paper has recognized that in 2003, the law was adjusted to gather DNA on the capture of a recordable wrongdoing instead of only a state of charge. This guideline of keeping up the DNA of anybody captured featured innumerable honest individuals including kids who had never been sentenced yet have their DNA held in the Database until the end of time. Along these lines, the DNA database is considered incredibly oppressive. In the year 2008, this issue was raised by the European Court of Human Rights in S and Marper v UK case and inferred that this approach damages the rights to security of blameless individuals under the European Convention of Human Rights. At that point in 2010, in answer to this issue, the law was passed which confines the DNA maintenance of blameless individuals. Six years was affirmed for the grown-ups and three years for kids. (Michael Lwin, 2010) Still, this strategy kept on making segregation and remained doubtful among numerous areas. In 2010, the Go vernment was again constrained to adjust the law and move to the ‘Scottish model’ which characterizes the option to obliterate DNA of anybody captured however not charged or charged yet later saw not as liable for most offenses. It likewise clarifies the arrangement of restricted time DNA maintenance for individuals who were accused of genuine bad behaviors like rape or savagery (Bruce Barbour; NSW Ombudsman.; New South Wales. Office of the Ombudsman, 2006). The assortment of DNA tests are as yet a significant subject of segregation among numerous guiltless individuals. It has given a huge blast to social and moral issues which are on the grounds that most arrestees were discovered guiltless of the wrongdoing yet their DNA was saved for an inconclusive time. Also, if blameless people’s DNA is kept in a police database, it is conceivable that the DNA may coordinate or incompletely coordinate the DNA found at the areas of wrongdoing. This can make a major issue for an individual who has been once captured however never sentenced or any individual who is absolutely blameless. This issue is morally and socially right as blameless individuals would be associated with crimes at the wrongdoing scene where their DNA is even marginally comparable. A DNA test shows touchy data about an individual’s hereditary qualities, for example, family relations and maladies weakness. Normally, nobody loves their own data to be open. Police, measurable science division and scientists utilizing this delicate data without the assent of the DNA viewer have insulted any blameless individuals who have given their DNA. They consider it to be an infringement of their common freedoms and obstruction in the individual security of an individual ( Andromachi Tseloni; Ken Pease, 2011). It has been seen in the United Kingdom’s criminal DNA database that racial minorities are overrepresented in the quantity of arrestees. Presently this offers ascend to racial c ontrasts and regulated racial predispositions in the criminal equity office. At the point when countless minorities are populating the DNA database, police would probably presume one from the minorities instead of the genuine lawbreaker. Along these lines an honest individual would be sentenced simply because for the race he falls in. DNA maintenance for the Criminal Investigation Department has raised a few worries among numerous honest individuals yet we should not ignore the great it accomplishes for the lawbreakers who ought to be really rebuffed. DNA maintenance serves the police division from numerous points of view as well. In like manner, it is seen that most of the violations are submitted by the individuals who have been as of now captured for different offenses. In the event that the DNA database as of now has the DNA bank, it could turn out to be exceptionally simple for the police to recognize the suspect or criminal.â

Why You Should Visit Our Country As a Topic of an Essay

Why You Should Visit Our Country As a Topic of an EssayWhy you should visit our country is an important question in some students minds. Students who are afraid to visit our country due to fear of school problems, which they don't have, or who just can't face travelling are not the best candidates for writing a persuasive essay. Your purpose in writing a persuasive essay is to convince your reader to visit our country so that they can take home some 'forbidden' photos, documents, and other things.While you are studying, write the following paragraphs in order for you to prepare yourself for the interesting test of an interesting essay and for writing a persuasive essay sample. Write why you should visit our country as the topic of an essay on college entrance exam. You may also make the introduction or conclusion more interesting by giving some ideas for your readers about why you should visit our country.We should visit our country for many reasons. First, we should visit our countr y because it is fun. For many countries, it is very common to go abroad to have fun. A lot of our political leaders and other leaders have visited other countries to experience the fun and relaxation that this kind of travel can give them.The second reason for visiting our country is to communicate with the politicians and many other people who can explain the interesting points of our country. Some of these people can be leaders of other countries. They can also be leaders of major religions. It is their duty to help us spread the good values of our country to other countries.Another important event that should be covered in a persuasive essay is the day that it became a recognized country. There are several countries that were once considered to be 'inferior' to our country and no one ever wanted to visit them. Today, these countries have become our neighbors and they often send their leaders to visit us. But most importantly, they help us spread the good values of our country.Why you should visit our country is a very important question for any student or for anyone who has traveled to other countries. This question is very easy for students and people who have already experienced visiting another country to answer. In this case, the right answer is 'Because it is fun.' The country you visit may be much different from the country you lived in but if it is fun, then you will get the same feeling as you would in your home country.Students need to practice writing persuasive essays as they do not want to feel lost if they will need to answer this question in a class or in a thesis. Practicing how to write persuasive essays will help them get an essay to meet the standards of the exam. It will also help them to impress the school officials, the parents and other parents of the school and it will help them to impress the college officials.

Capital Punishment Should Be Abolished - 2070 Words

Death, a dark and mysterious activity, the ultimate price for committing a capital crime (SC #18). A jury selected at random decides the fate of the offender. Throughout history, the idea of capital punishment has been brought into question. The argument that always arises is if capital punishment should be abolished or not. Capital Punishment has an extensive history and a debatable future; reasons such as religion, morals, justice, and satisfaction have caused differing views among Americans, resulting in multiple sides and changing viewpoints. The idea of capital punishment has been around since the Eighteenth Century B.C., the early executions were barbaric and gut wrenching to view (BE #1). The Code of King Hammurabi of Babylon was the first known accepted capital punishment. It stated that twenty-five crimes were punishable by death. Centuries continued to pass, and more civilizations integrated the death penalty into their societies. In the Roman law of the Twelve Tablets alm ost every crime could be punishable by death. Countries dealt with capital punishment differently. The Romans chose to crucify, drown, assault, burn alive, and impale the offender as a way to punish them. These extensively painful ways of death were carried out regularly and without hesitation. Crimes could vary from capital crimes such as murder and rape to petty crimes such as theft and trespassing. Capital punishment started to spread throughout the world, and the British Monarchy adopted itShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment Should Be Abolished965 Words   |  4 PagesHaesemeyer Advanced Studies English 9 7 April 2017 Capital Punishment Over the centuries, capital punishment has fallen in and out of public support. In several countries, the practice has been overruled by law. In others, it is simply not exercised. More than half of U.S. states still practice capital punishment for capital crimes. Often, innocent people are sentenced to death because of circumstantial evidence. Capital punishment should be abolished in all fifty U.S. states because of the severalRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Not Be Abolished1541 Words   |  7 Pagestime, if a person committed a severe crime, like murder or rape, they were executed to maintain peace in the community and to bring comfort to those who knew the victim. Capital punishment has been used in almost every part of the world, but in the last few decades many countries have abolished it. The issue of capital punishment has been a sensitive topic for nations attempting a careful balancing act between prisoner’s rights and legal defense teams and society’s la ws on cases of extreme gravityRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Not Be Abolished901 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernment (â€Å"Capital Punishment in the United States†). Capital punishment is being debated all over the world whether it is murder or justice for the crime they have committed. Statistics show that murderers often kill again after releasement from prison. The Bureau of Justice gives relevant statistics pertaining to murderers who were released from prison: in 1994 40.7% of murderers were arrested for a new crime within three years of release (United States Department of Justice). Capital punishment shouldRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Abolished1115 Words   |  5 Pagesjail time, house arrest, and/or having to pay fines. Crimes that are severe can lead to greater punishment, like spending life in prison. The most severe crimes can lead one to an equally severe punishment known as capital punishment. Capital punishment is the authorization to kill someone fo r the crime he or she has committed. Capital punishment, commonly referred to as the death penalty, should be abolished in all states because it can put innocent lives at risk, it costs millions of dollars each yearRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Not Be Abolished750 Words   |  3 PagesCapital Punishment Should Not be Abolished There are many reasons why the United States of America keeps capital punishment. These reasons include the deterrence theory, the idea of retribution, cost of prisons, and general safety of the public. First of all, I’m sure that you have heard of the deterrence theory. Deterrence is basically the fear of punishment; and even though it doesn’t prevent all crimes, the results are still undeniable. The deterrence theory is when criminals thinkRead MoreCapital Punishment Should be Abolished883 Words   |  4 Pages Capital punishment is the punishment of death for a crime given by the state. It is used for a variety of crimes such as murder, drug trafficking and treason. Many countries also have the death penalty for sexual crimes such as rape, incest and adultery. The lethal injection, the electric chair, hanging and stoning are all methods of execution used throughout the world. Capital punishment has been around since ancient times; it was used in ancient Rome, and one of the most famous people to be crucifiedRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Abolished1137 Words   |  5 PagesThe case for capital punishment Topic: why capital punishment should continue General purpose: To argue Specific purpose: my main aim is to convince the audience that capital punishment should be upheld. In other, the advantages of capital punishment outweigh its disadvantages. Introduction Capital punishment is also known as death penalty and it has been in existence since time immemorial. Throughout history, the death penalty has been used to punish a number of crimes that include murderRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Abolished1955 Words   |  8 Pagesit has become apparent that capital punishment should be abolished worldwide. Around the world, various countries continue to practice this brash, inhumane punishment. The legal system is intended to regulate citizen’s behaviour which aims to provide a smooth functioning society. When someone is sentenced to death, the legal system loses the â€Å"fair† aspect of the proceedings, as under no circumstances is the death penalty â€Å"fair†. Capital punishment should be abolished because it violates Section 12Read MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Abolished1135 Words   |  5 Pagesname -unknown. Nobody should ever have to hear these words. Especially coming from their own state the one that is supposed to protect their rights no matter what. Capital punishment should be abolished from the United States. The number one goal of the constitution is to protect the life of an individual and the death penalty passes by this. The death penalty is an easy way out of the crime, it is expensive, philosophers and even psychologists disagree with capital punishment and most important itRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Abolished Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesApproaching the topic of capital punishment is difficult when looking at society as a whole. In the opinion stated by my class group, capital punishment should be entirely abolished due to the possibility of mistakes while sentencing. This idea relies on the basis that capital punishment has absolutely no purpose or benefit. Members of my group mistakenly used a utilitarianist point of view to argue their case, even though this view can be stretched to fit almost any argument. This paper will explore

Human Development Notebook Essay examples - 3460 Words

Human Development Notebook [Part One] Laura Douthat EDF 3214 Sept. 27, 2010 Brain and memory Principles and theories When a human child is born, their brain is not yet fully developed. This development takes place over time and involves neurological processes as well as environmental stimulation. Babies have all the neurons that they will ever have at the time of their birth. Neurons are the structures that enable brains to store and transmit information (Woolfolk, 2010, p.29). The connectors which allow the information from the neurons to travel across the brain are not developed at this time, however. These fibers, called axons and dendrites, continue to mature throughout the early stages of the child’s life. How†¦show more content†¦144). Some other techniques for improving the learning experience of students with autism are structured teaching, speech and language therapy, social skills therapy, and occupational therapy. Keeping a structured and predictable schedule is imperative when instructing a child with autism. The child will also, most likely, need some specialized classe s in speech as well as instruction in appropriate social interaction, as one symptom of autism is a lack of comprehension of social norms. Educators need to keep in close contact with the team responsible for the student’s educational plan and diagnostic write-up to ensure that there are no large gaps in the educational programs suggested and the ones being applied. Physical development Principles and theories Physical development is defined as changes in body structure and function over time (Woolfolk, 2010, p.559). There are two main principles involved in the physical development of humans. Normal human development progresses from the head down. When born, babies’ heads are disproportionately large in comparison to the rest of their bodies. In fact, a baby’s head is approximately one-fourth of the size of their entire body. Over time, the body size increasesShow MoreRelated Leonardo Da Vinci Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesno power to quote from authors as they do I shall rely on a bigger and more worthy thing-on experience.{The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci pg.2} His originality in the field of painting influenced the course of Italian art for more than a century after his death, and his scientific studies--particularly in the fields of anatomy, optics, and hydraulics--anticipated many of the developments of modern science. His amazing powers of observation and skill as an illustrator enabled him to notice and recreateRead MoreCommunication and Family974 Words   |  4 PagesThe written word is arguably humanity’s most powerful tool. Writing allows for the sharing of ideas, memories, and events, all facets of the human experience. Such communication plays a pivotal role in the development and growth of our current, complex society. Moreover, the written word transverses time and space, thereby connecting humans to one another in a manner beyond compare. As demonstrated by the world’s past, written works have changed the course of history altogether. Harriet BeecherRead MoreNaturalistic Observation Essay623 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ Naturalistic Observation In order to study human development and perform naturalistic observation I went to the mall. I selected a 9-year-old white girl as the subject for my observation. I observed the subject for 30 minutes. During my observation the subject was not interrupted and was not aware of my study. The girl was spending time with her mother and brother at the mall. She was enjoying herself. She played some games with her brotherRead MoreDevelopment Of The First Operating System1728 Words   |  7 PagesSince the development of the first Operating System (OS) to today, there have been many vast and extraordinary improvements, including the introduction of the first QWERTY keyboard, the first Graphical User Interface (GUI), to the present day mobile computing capabilities of smart phones. There have been many drastic changes from the first computers to today’s modern PC, which has become an essential component of our everyday lives. These improvements in computer technology have allowed for the developmentRead MoreAp Human Geography - Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesWelcome to AP Human Geography Ms. Anderson Phone: 548-4051 room 112 E-mail: panderso@hs.spotsylvania.k12.va.us Course Description: The new college-level social studies course provides students with the opportunity to identify and analyze contemporary concerns and problems from local, national, and global perspectives in Human Geography. Using geographical tools and skills, we will explore issues such as population distribution and composition, cultural patterns and processes, political organizationRead MoreComputer Technology Handout1133 Words   |  5 Pages* Workstations – expensive desktop machines used mainly by engineers, scientists, and animators for sophisticated purposes. * Notebook computers – approximates the shape of an 8.5† x 11† notebook. a.k.a. Laptops, they operate on alternating currents or special batteries * Tablet PCs – offers full functionality of a notebook but are lighter and usually accepts input from a stylus pen * Classification based mainly on processing speed and storage capacity *Read MoreComputer Drawing1019 Words   |  5 Pagesgraphs, ideation sketches and drawings, design drawings, analysis and concept models, and presentation graphics. 7. What is the designer’s notebook? How is it used? A designer’s notebook is similar to a diary and contains many notes and sketches that are organized to show the path of development for a product and process. A well documented notebook contains notes, calculations, signatures, and dates. Keeping good note can make an accurate document for an original design. 8. Outline theRead MoreThe Comprehensive School Counseling Program1664 Words   |  7 PagesThe Comprehensive School Counseling Program Notebook which follows the ASCA National Model third edition was created in School Counseling Programs. This notebook is divided into four components as directed by the comprehensive school counseling program: foundation, delivery, management, and accountability. The Foundation section includes my core beliefs, my vision, my mission, rationale, description, and goals of the program at Mountain Home Junior School. Delivery, Management, and AccountabilityRead MoreComputer Drawing1029 Words   |  5 Pages graphs, ideation sketches and drawings, design drawings, analysis and concept models, and presentation graphics. 7. What is the designer’s notebook? How is it used? A designer’s notebook is similar to a diary and contains many notes and sketches that are organized to show the path of development for a product and process. A well documented notebook contains notes, calculations, signatures, and dates. Keeping good note can make an accurate document for an original design. 8. Outline the mainRead MoreThe Importance Of Contact Information For The Director And Content Specialists1318 Words   |  6 Pagesin triplet meetings and officer transitions to help ensure a smooth transition and transfer of materials and information. Keep a well-organized, complete notebook to provide continuity from one adviser to the next. Train successor. Adviser Notebooks Each adviser, regardless of her committee assignment, should keep the following items in a notebook or in a file electronically that she brings with her to Advisory Board meetings and meetings with her committee or officer. The contact information for the

Neuroscience and cell biology

Question: Discuss about the potential of neuroprotective and cell-replacement therapies as Disease modifying therapies for Parkinson's diseas? Answer: Introduction Parkinson disease is the neurodegenerative disease. This common disease affects people over 65 years age (Buttery and Barker 2014). The disease is characterised by progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons that leads to disability of movement. It is due to presence of alpha-synuclein positive Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra. Lewy bodies are identified to be associated with the non-motor features of the disease such as sleep, cognitive an autonomic dysfunction. Among most restorative therapies to the disease are neuroprotective factor therapy and cell replacement therapy. Experiments with this approaches showed promising results. The paper discusses the potential of neuroprotective and cell-replacement therapies as disease modifying therapies (alternative to drug therapy) for Parkinson's disease. Discussion According to Barrow (2015) stem cell therapy has been found to have exciting prospects in treatment of Parkinsons disease. It has been effective in treating several neurodegenerative conditions. Some of the experiment with high potential to treat parkinsons disease have been discussed below. In patients with this disease, the central nervous system or CNS does not regenerate its own neurons. Hence, stem cells are a good choice as they have pluripotency. Initiating the differentiation of the stem cells under correct conditions will help generate dopminergic neurons, which can then be transplanted into the patients for replacing their dopamine levels. Both Michael J Fox Foundation and Parkinson's UK actively research into potential stem cells therapy (Kim et al. 2002). Kriks et al. (2011) showed that in an animal model of Parkinsons disease, when dopamine neurons extracted from the embryonic stem cells were transplanted it showed to function effectively. These neurons have ability to efficiently engraft in the animal model. There was an improvement in dopaminergic delivery to the neighbouring parts when these neurons got established within the striatum. It aids in improving the motor control and preventing the worsening symptoms of the illness. Induced pluripotent stem cells or iPS have properties same as ESCs. They can be derived from adult human dermal fibroblasts. iPSs has obvious potential for Parkinsons disease as cell based therapy (Canet-Aviles et al. 2014). However, eliminating their tumour inducing property will make them highly suitable for cell therapy. It is devoid of ethical problems as the iPSs can be derived from pateints own adult cells and there is no risk of rejection. The cell line of iPS called IMR90clone 4 is available which can be differentiated into dopaminergic neuron progenitors. Upon transplanting it into the rat disease model these progenitors were found surviving for a very long period. In other experiment iPSs having point mutation in -synuclein (A53T) were developed for the disease. After transplantation the mutation was reversed via zinc finger nuclease genetic editing successfully. Later functional dopaminergic neurons were generated (Pawitan 2011). Other potential method of cell replacement therapy is the implantation of the neural stem cellsor NSC into the striatum of the effected patients (Buttery and Barker 2014). With the help of the extracellular signalling, these cells were differentiating into dopaminergic neurons as a response to the host body signals. An intrinsic ability of NSCs is to generate neuroprotective factors by influencing the CNS. However, there is a need of providing appropriate in vitro signalling. It was evident from the study that the adult stem cells have higher potential than the embryonic stem cells. Additional advantage of the adult stem cells is that it can be extracted from other sources such as oral mucosa, adipose tissue and bone marrow. It does not depend on the aborted foetal tissues. This potential therapy was successful when applied to Mr. Dennis Turnerin the USA. He was a patient of Parkinsons for 14 years and he himself have declared the benefits of cell replacement therapy. The most promising disease modifying therapy for Parkinsons disease is Neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. As per Lu-Nguyen et al. (2014) the Neurotrophic factors have the potential to act as disease modifying treatment among the current research strategies as they play significant regulatory role in the development, and survival of specific populations of neurons. They can also reverse the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. The main cause of symptoms in Parkinsons disease is the on-going degeneration. Therefore, trials were conducted to halt the degeneration process. Experiments using the neuropreotective agents such as glial cell-line derived neuropreotective factor or GDNF showed promising results. However, the potential for targeted delivery is yet to be achieved which otherwise may result in adverse effects due to off-target response. Experiments on mice model and on 5 people in advance stage disease in phase 1 trial gave promising results after 2 years. In these pat ients with GDNF was delivered by pump bilaterally into dorsalputamen. Patients were found with bilateral improvement. However, there remains a scientific challenge of applying the Neurotrophic factors to enhance cell survival for in vivo or ex vivo gene therapy. Current trial with AAV2 using convection-enhanced delivery with dose escalation is expected to meet six months primary outcomes. Another trial including the delivery of neurturin on 12 patients in phase 1 showed high potential after 1 year in 2008 in treating parkinsons disease. Next trial in 2015 using convection-enhanced delivery confirmed safety of nigra after dlivery. Delivery of neurturin using AAV2 vector (CERE-120) into stratum and ventral midbrain enhanced the neuroprotection in PD models and seems necessary alternate approach (Herzog et al. 2013). Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discussion that there are variety of cells having the ability to differentiate into cells that produce neurotrophic factor or dopaminergic neurons. The literature review shows that most experiments that have given promising results were conducted in animal models showing high efficacy. Some of the experiments have been used in human trials. Efficacy and safety assurance is required for translation into human therapy. Future experiments needs to be performed using standardized procedure for each type of Parkinson's disease, kind of cell effected, and the delivery site. Sustainable therapeutic effect may be achieved by the modulation of microenvironment for increasing the efficacy. References Barrow, T.R., 2015. Cell replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease.Bioscience Horizons: The National Undergraduate Research Journal,8. Buttery, P.C. and Barker, R.A., 2014. Treating Parkinson's disease in the 21st century: can stem cell transplantation compete?.Journal of Comparative Neurology,522(12), pp.2802-2816. Canet-Aviles, R., Lomax, G.P., Feigal, E.G. and Priest, C., 2014. Proceedings: Cell Therapies for Parkinson's Disease From Discovery to Clinic.Stem cells translational medicine,3(9), pp.979-991. Hegarty, S.V., O'keeffe, G.W. and Sullivan, A.M., 2014. Neurotrophic factors: from neurodevelopmental regulators to novel therapies for Parkinson's disease.Neural regeneration research,9(19), p.1708. Herzog, C.D., Brown, L., Kruegel, B.R., Wilson, A., Tansey, M.G., Gage, F.H., Johnson, E.M. and Bartus, R.T., 2013. Enhanced neurotrophic distribution, cell signaling and neuroprotection following substantia nigral versus striatal delivery of AAV2-NRTN (CERE-120).Neurobiology of disease,58, pp.38-48. Kim, J.H., Auerbach, J.M., Rodrguez-Gmez, J.A., Velasco, I., Gavin, D., Lumelsky, N., Lee, S.H., Nguyen, J., Snchez-Pernaute, R., Bankiewicz, K. and McKay, R., 2002. Dopamine neurons derived from embryonic stem cells function in an animal model of Parkinson's disease.Nature,418(6893), pp.50-56. Kriks, S., Shim, J.W., Piao, J., Ganat, Y.M., Wakeman, D.R., Xie, Z., Carrillo-Reid, L., Auyeung, G., Antonacci, C., Buch, A. and Yang, L., 2011. Dopamine neurons derived from human ES cells efficiently engraft in animal models of Parkinson/'s disease.Nature,480(7378), pp.547-551. Lu-Nguyen, N.B., Broadstock, M., Schliesser, M.G., Bartholomae, C.C., von Kalle, C., Schmidt, M. and Yez-Muoz, R.J., 2014. Transgenic expression of human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor from integration-deficient lentiviral vectors is neuroprotective in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease.Human gene therapy,25(7), pp.631-641. Pawitan, J.A., 2011. Prospect of cell therapy for Parkinson's disease.Anatomy cell biology,44(4), pp.256-264.